In the context of the universal two-child policy, this paper investigates the impact of grandparent care and formal childcare on fertility desire of secondchild based on the national fertility survey conducted in 2017. Using binary logistic regression and propensity score matching methods, we find that both of the two childcare modes have significant effects on the fertility desire of secondchild but their influencing directions are opposite: the grandparent care significantly increases the propensity to have the second child, while the formal childcare has a negative impact. Further study shows that the number of kindergartens per capita in prefecturelevel cities plays a positive moderating effect, weakening the role of formal childcare in reducing the fertility desire, while the average childcare costs in prefecturelevel cities play a negative moderating effect, strengthening the negative effect of formal childcare on fertility desire of the second child. Therefore, this paper suggests that increasing the supply of affordable public childcare services is the most effective policy to increase the fertility desire to have a second child.

With the globalization of economy, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an active role in the development of regional economy. An important question is whether population ageing would affect the location choice of FDI. In this paper, we use a bilateral stochastic analysis framework to integrate the bilateral effects of ageing on FDI into a unified framework, and compare the net effect by decomposing the effect into positive and negative ones. We find that ageing has two kinds of effects on FDI: the promoting and the extrusion effects. The positive effect promotes 23.43% of FDI growth, while the extrusion effect reduces 44.63% of FDI growth. Combining both effects, ageing significantly inhibites FDI inflow. The results are significant in different time intervals and regions. At the same time, the heterogeneity analysis of ageing and city scale shows that the role of ageing in extruding FDI increases with the rise of ageing level and decreases with the expansion of city scale.

Ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｌｉｆｅ ｅｘｐｅｃｔａｎｃｙ ，ｔｈｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｉｍｐａｃｔ ｏｆ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｇｅｉｎｇ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｅｘａｇｇｅｒａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｕｓｉｎｇ ａ ｓｔａｔｉｃ ａｇｅ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ，ｗｅ ｔｒｙ ｔｏ ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｇｅｉｎｇ ｔｒｅｎｄ ｏｆ Ｃｈｉｎａ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ａｇｅ ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ ｉｎ ２０１０－２０５０ ａｎｄ ａｎａｌｙｚｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｎ ｔｏｔａｌ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ａｇｅｉｎｇ ｒａｔｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ａｇｅ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｍｕｃｈ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｃｈｒｏｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ａｇｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｙ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ．Ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｉｏ ｏｆ ｌａｂｏｒ ｆｏｒｃｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｃｈａｎｇｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｉｎ ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｔｐｏｎｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ ａｇｅ，ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ ｏｆ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ，ａｎｄ ｒｅｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ．

One of the major purposes of the household registration system ( Hukou) reform is to promote population migration to the big cities by removing urban-rural Hukou barriers and administra- tive intervention mechanism of resources allocation through abolishing the resident special status and lowering the settlement threshold in the big cities．This paper analyzes the impact of Hukou reform on population migration using urban panel data from 2000 to 2014 from 123 big cities in China both at the national level and by city size and region．The results show that implementation of unified reform of the household registration management system and the house or regular income based settlement policy can attract population migration to the big cities at the national level．At the city level，the Hukou reform has significant positive impact on population migration for cities below 2 million people．At the regional level，an increasingly stronger impact is observed from the eastern to the western region．

 In line with the change from the one-child policy to the two-child policy，the family planning reward and assistance policies must be adjusted accordingly．Adjustment of the reward and assistance policies should abide by the principles of scientific connection，fairness，state responsibility and social participation．A country-led social security mechanism needs to be created to eliminate the differences in reward and assistance policies between urban and rural areas，provinces and ethnic groups，reflecting the status of the state policy and the principle of fairness．The fundamental change is to alter rewarding one-child families into encouraging the compliance with the new family planning policy．The contents need to be revised are: first，conducting a " double-track system" to implement simultaneously the old and the new methods; second，taking total responsibility to solve the practical difficulties of one- child families and special families resulting from the one-child policy; third，adding a key point，that is to solve the practical difficulties of one-child families in which the only child is injured，sick or disabled．

China’s labor income as a share of GDP has decreased since 1990s, invoking substantial discussion and research. This study explores the influence of institutional factors on this reduction, particularly the influence of household registration management system. The author demonstrates theoretically why the labor income share could decline with the increasing employment proportion of transferred labor force in non-agricultural sectors. The author constructs an empirical analytical model incorporating factors representing economic development, non-state-owned economy, rural labor force transfer, economic globalization, capital deepening and technological progress. The results show that there is a significant negative impact of transferred rural labor force on change of the total labor income share. One possible explanation is that income of transferred rural labor force is lower than the normal market level in China as a result of institutional factors. Therefore, the transferred rural labor force plays a negative role in the decline of labor income share, which also suggests that impacts of other factors in the previous studies may be exaggerated.